Let us make them laugh and NOT CRY !!

children always makes us to fight for our life to improve their lives, making them smile is our main task than making them cry, it start with you and me.

SMGEO

P.O.BOX 6444 MOROGORO

smgeo2015@gmail.com

+255 753 599 827 

www.smgeoorg.blogspot.com

Ijue Sheria-Sababu za kumuondoa msimamizi wa mirathi

LEO tutaangalia wajibu wa wasimamizi wa mirathi. Nitazungumzia juu ya usimamizi wa mirathi pamoja na mambo muhimu juu ya wanaonufaika na mirathi.

Katika Mahakama za Mwanzo pamoja na zile mahakama za juu kuna migogoro mingi inayohusu mirathi, kumpinga msimamizi wa mirathi au mashauri ambayo mara kwa mara hufunguliwa na ndugu wa marehemu wakimtuhumu msimamizi kufuja mali za marehemu.
Sheria ya usimamizi wa mirathi sura ya 352 ya sheria za Tanzania, ndiyo nitakayoirejea katika kuzungumzia wajibu wa wasimamizi wa mirathi.

Lengo kuu la sheria hii ni kutoa utaratibu wa kusimamia mali za marehemu baada ya kifo chake, ikiwamo kuhamisha umiliki wa mali hizo kutoka kwa marehemu kwenda kwa watu wenye haki ya kuzipata mali hizo.
Madhumuni hasa ni kwamba mali alizoacha marehemu zisibaki zikiharibika na kupotea bure, au warithi halali au watu wenye masilahi na mali za marehemu, mathalani wale wanaomdai hawapotezi haki hiyo, bali awepo mtu atayezisimamia na kuzigawa kwa wahusika wakiwamo wadai na kuepusha mgongano katika jamii husika.

Hivyo, sheria inamuweka msimamizi wa kugawa mirathi husika na mamlaka yake.
Kazi ya usimamizi wa mirathi ni kazi inayohitaji uaminifu wa hali ya juu.
Na ni vema ndugu wawe makini hasa katika kuchagua watu hawa kutokana na madaraka makubwa ambayo sheria inawapa.
Uchaguzi mbaya wa msimamizi wa mirathi unaweza kuleta madhara makubwa kwenye familia nyingi na matokeo yake mali hupotea.
Hebu tuangalie mamlaka ya kisheria aliyonayo msimamizi wa mirathi.
Msimamizi wa mirathi ndiye atakuwa mwakilishi halali wa kisheria wa mambo yote ya marehemu na mali zote za marehemu kisheria zitakuwa chini yake, na naomba ieleweke mali hizo zitakuwa chini yake kama msimamizi na si kwamba ni mali yake (si mmiliki).


Katika kesi ya Mohamed Hassan na Mayasa Mzee dhidi ya Mwanahawa Mzee [1994] T. LR 225 Mahakama ya Rufaa iliamua kwamba kisheria msimamizi wa mirathi halazimiki kupata ruhusa kutoka kwa warithi kabla ya kuuza mali yoyote ya marehemu.
Hata hivyo katika kesi nyingine ya Aziz Daudi Aziz dhidi ya Amin Ahmed Ally na Another CIV. App No.30 of 1990 [unreported] , Mahakama ya Rufaa iliamua kwamba pale tu msimamizi wa mirathi anapoteuliwa,mali zote zinakuwa chini ya mamlaka yake kama msimamizi na anachukua majukumu aliyokuwa nayo marehemu kwenye mali yake wakati yu hai.
Msimamizi huyu huachiwa kuamua jinsi ya kushughulikia mirathi hiyo kadiri atakavyoona inafaa.
Kwa upande mwingine, msimamizi atakuwa na mamlaka ya kufungua mashitaka mahakamani kwa niaba ya marehemu au kushitakiwa kwa niaba ya marehemu na atawajibika kulipa madeni ya marehemu kutoka katika mali alizoacha marehemu.
Msimamizi wa mirathi vilevile atakuwa na uwezo wa kuhamisha umiliki wa mali za marehemu kama atakavyoona inafaa kwa kuziweka rehani, kuziuza au kuzikodisha, kwa kuzingatia masilahi ya warithi na watu wanaomdai marehemu.
Hivyo ni sawa na kusema msimamizi wa mirathi hawezi tu kuamka na kutangaza kuuza mali za marehemu bila sababu za msingi.
Pia atawajibika kutumia kiasi fulani cha pesa za marehemu kwa ajili ya kutunza mali za marehemu ziwe katika hali nzuri na zisiharibike.
Msimamizi wa mirathi anatakiwa ndani ya miezi sita tangu apewe usimamizi au ndani ya muda mahakama ambao itaona unafaa, anatakiwa apeleke mahakamani na kuonyesha mali zote za marehemu na thamani yake halisi.
Madeni yake anayodaiwa au anayodai marehemu na ndani ya mwaka mmoja msimamizi wa mirathi atatakiwa tena kama mahakama itakavyoona inafaa, aonyeshe mali za marehemu zilizo mikononi mwake na jinsi alivyozifanya au kuzishughulikia.
Mahakama ina uwezo wa kuendelea kumuongezea muda mhusika kadiri itakavyoona inafaa.
Lakini kama msimamizi wa mirathi atatakiwa na mahakama kuonyesha mali za marehemu na akashindwa kufanya hivyo ndani ya muda aliopewa, atakuwa ametenda kosa la jinai na akipatikana na hatia atatakiwa alipe faini au apewe kifungo cha miezi sita.
Na kama ataonyesha mali hizo kwa nia ya kudanganya au kuficha atakuwa ametenda kosa la jinai ambalo kifungo chake ni miaka saba.
Mtu yeyote mwenye masilahi na mirathi anao uwezo wa kufanya ukaguzi ili kujiridhisha na usimamizi wa mirathi ya marehemu.
Msimamizi wa mirathi vilevile anatakiwa akusanye mali za marehemu na madeni aliyokuwa akidai na kulipa madeni aliyokuwa akidaiwa.
Katika madeni aliyokuwa anadai marehemu ni vizuri msimamizi wa mirathi akayadai mapema ili yasije yakapitwa na wakati kisheria.
Pamoja na hayo, msimamizi wa mirathi hatakiwi kujipatia faida kutokana na usimamizi wa mirathi hiyo na kama msimamizi wa mirathi mwenyewe au kwa kupitia kwa mtu mwingine atanunua mali ya marehemu, uuzaji huo unaweza kukataliwa kisheria na mtu yeyote mwenye masilahi na mirathi hiyo.
Moja ya sababu ya kufanya hivyo ni kwamba kuna uwezekano mkubwa akajiuzia mali hizo kwa bei ya chini kuliko thamani halisi ya mali husika.
Vilevile ni jukumu la msimamizi wa mirathi kutoa fedha kwa ajili ya shughuli za mazishi ya marehemu, ila gharama hizo ziangalie hali halisi ya maisha ya marehemu na kama ameacha kiasi cha mali cha kutosha kwa ajili ya shughuli hiyo; na kama msimamizi wa mirathi alitoa fedha yake kwa ajili hiyo, haki ya kwanza ni kulipwa fedha zake kabla ya madeni mengine ya marehemu.

Ijue sheria ya uchumba: Ukivunjwa, Zawadi, Kushitaki, Umri na Muda

WATU wengi ambao huingia kwenye uhusiano wa kimapenzi, kwa kawaida uhusiano wao wa manzo huwa unatawaliwa na uongo mwingi pamoja na ahadi hewa.

Mara nyingi, ahadi hizo huwa ni nyingi mno, lakini kwa kadri ya makala haya, tutazungumzia ahadi moja tu, ya kuoana.

Katika hali ambayo ni ya kweli kabisa, kati ya watu 10 wanaoahidiana kuoana, ni watu wawili au mmoja tu ambao hutimiza ahadi hiyo.

Hii inatokana na sababu nyingi, lakini kubwa, ni watu kutokuwa wakweli tangu mwanzo wa uhusiano wao. Kwa hiyo, wengi wao huja kujitambua baadaye kwamba walikuwa wakidanganywa na wenza wao, na baya zaidi, ukweli huo wa kudanganyana unakuja kujulikana mwishoni kabisa wakati ambapo mtu huwa ametumiwa vya kutosha!

Pamoja na udanganyifu huo ambao ni mbaya sana ukitokea, watendewa huwa wanakaa kimya huku wakijilaumu wenyewe na hivyo kutoa laana nyingi kwa watu waliowatendea, jambo ambalo kimsingi halisaidii lolote.

Kwanini hali hiyo hutokea? Wengi wao huingia kwenye uhusiano bila kujua haki za kisheria zinazotawala katika uhusiano wao huo wa kimapenzi.

Sheria inaruhusu kushitaki uchumba unapovunjwa

Kuvunja ahadi ya kuoa au kuolewa, kwa maana ya kuvunja uchumba, ni kosa kisheria ambalo linaadhibiwa kwa fidia. Sheria haikukaa kimya na kuacha watu wachezewe halafu mambo yaishie hapo kama wafanyavyo wengi.

Sehemu ya tano, kifungu cha 69(1) cha Sheria ya Ndoa, inasema: “Shauri la fidiai linaweza kufunguliwa kwa mtu yeyote aliyevunja au kukiuka ahadi ya ndoa na haijalishi ahadi hiyo ilifanyika Tanzania au pengine.”

Jambo hili limewekwa katika sheria ili kulinda utu wa watu na kuthamini thamani ya mtu anayejitoa kumsubiri au kumngoja mwenzake kwa kutumaini jambo la kheri, kwa mfano ndoa.

Sheria inatambua kwamba katika kipindi hiki cha uchumba, watu hupoteza muda, hali pamoja na mali vitu ambavyo haviwezi kuachwa hivi hivi bila kulipiwa baada ya ahadi kuvunjwa.

Mchumba wa umri chini ya miaka 18 hachukuliwi hatua

Pamoja na hayo, kifungu cha 69(a), kimeweka sharti kwamba hakuna mtu yeyote atakayeweza kumchukulia hatua mtu ambaye wakati wanawekeana ahadi ya kuoana, alikuwa chini ya umri wa miaka 18.

Hii inatoa fundisho kwamba anayestahili kuchukuliwa hatua kwa kosa hilo la kuvunja uchumba, lazima awe ni yule ambaye wakati anaweka ahadi hiyo alikuwa amefikisha umri wa miaka 18. Kwa mujibu wa kufungu hicho, kama mmoja wa wenye uhusiano aliweka ahadi ya aina hiyo kabla ya kufikisha umri wa miaka 18, basi hakuna hatua dhidi yake zinazoweza kuchukuliwa kisheria.

Sheria inaruhusu zawadi zote za uchumba zirejeshwe

Kifungu cha 71 cha Sheria ya Ndoa kinafafanua kwamba: “Mtu anaweza kufungua shauri la kurejeshwa kwa zawadi ambazo wachumba walipeana bila mkataba, lakini baada ya Mahakama kuridhika kuwa mtoaji alitoa zawadi kwa nia na lengo la mkataba wa ndoa ambayo ingefungwa baadaye.”

Kwa kifungu hicho cha sharia, tunapata mambo mengi. Kwanza; ni pale kifungu hiki kinaposema kwamba zawadi ambazo wamepeana bila kuingia mkataba.

Neno ‘bila mkataba’ limewekwa kwa makusudi kwa kujua kuwa wengi ambao wangetakiwa kurejesha zawadi, na hasa zawadi tamu kama vile magari, nyumba, viwanja na kadhalika, wangeleta kinga kuwa mtu fulani aonyeshe ni wapi tuliwekeana makubaliano au mkataba!

Sasa kwa kulikwepa hilo ili watu wasikose haki zao kiholela, sheria ikaweka kuwa hata kama zawadi hizo zilitolewa bila kuingia mkataba wowote, lazima zitarejeshwa ili-mradi mtu adhibitishe kuwa alikuwa anazitoa kwa sharti la ndoa ambayo ingefungwa baadaye.

Suala la kwamba mchumba alitoa zawadi kwa sharti la ndoa, linaweza kuthibitishwa kwa njia mbalimbali kwa mfano barua, ujumbe mfupi katika simu pamoja na mashahidi mbalimbali.

Ni uchumba wa aina gani mtu anaruhusiwa kushitaki?

Ni muhimu kutambua kwamba uchumba unaostahili haki zote zilizotajwa hapo juu, si ule wa mazoea wa; utanioa? Ndiyo nitakuoa!

Uchumba wenye haki zote ni aina ya uchumba ambao upo katika kiwango cha kuitwa uchumba. Ni uchumba ambao uko makini (serious) na wa dhati kimazingira. Kwa maneno mengine, si kila mtu anayeitwa mchumba, basi anastahili haki hizo za fidia.

Mtu atatakiwa kuithibitishia Mahakama kiwango cha uchumba kabla ya kupewa haki yoyote. Yapo mambo ambayo yanaweza kuthibitisha uchumba wa kweli. Moja wapo ni kutambulishana kwa wazazi, ndugu na kadhalika.

Wengine walio makini kama wenzetu Wazungu, huwa wanaandikishana kabisa na hivyo inapotokea mmoja wao akavunja uchumba, maandishi hayo ynabakia kuwa ushahidi tosha na usio na utata.

Je; Mahakama inaweza kuamuru wachumba kurudiana?

Kutokana na kifungu cha 69(3) cha Sheria ya Ndoa, hakuna mchumba atakayeruhusiwa kupeleka shauri la kudai kutimizwa kwa ahadi hiyo ya kuoana. Kwa maneno mengine, mtu hawezi kwenda mahakamani kudai kwamba “Mimi siombi kitu kingine chochote Mheshimiwa Hakimu, bali naomba fulani anirudie na anioe tu, kama tulivyokuwa tumeahidiana mwanzoni.”

Kwa kawaida, ombi kama hilo huwa linatolewa katika mikataba mingine, lakini si katika masuala yanayohusiana na uchumba.

Mtu akishamfikisha aliyekuwa mchumba wake mahakamani asitarajie hata kidogo kuilazimisha Mahakama ili uchumba wao urudi ili waoane. Si kazi ya Mahakama kutoa hukumu ya kwamba fulani lazima amuoe fulani au lazima watu fulani warejeane.

Muda unaoruhusiwa kufungua shauri la madai

Jambo la mwisho katika uhusiano huo wa uchumba, linatokana na kifungu cha 70 cha Sheria ya Ndoa, ambacho kinatoa muda wa kufungua shauri la kuvunja uchumba.

Kwa mujibu wa kifungu hicho, shauri lolote linalohusiana na kuvunja uchumba, linapaswa kufunguliwa kwa muda ambao hauzidi mwaka mmoja tangu uchumba ulipovunjwa.

Mtu yeyote anayepeleka shauri kama hili baada ya mwaka mmoja tangu uchumba uvunjwe, anakuwa nje ya muda, na shauri hilo haliwezi kusimama.

Its me and you who can make this Campaign Against Violence's !!

The intense campaigns against domestic violence, rape, sexual harassment, and inequity in the schools all too often depend on an image of women as weak and victimized.
Join and Contacts Us
SMGEO
P.O.BOX 6444 
Morogoro,Tanzania
Mobile : +255 753 599 827
East Africa
Email: smgeo2015@gmail.com

FGM

Female genital mutilation targets little girls, baby girls - fragile angels who are helpless, who cannot fight back. It's a crime against a child, a crime against humanity. It's abuse. It's absolutely criminal and we have to stop it. 

Because women and girls are not valued equally as human beings, they are treated as less than such. Female genital mutilation is one example of this that has to be stopped.

Sexual Harassment

Sexual Harassment in Tanzania, Sexual Harassment and the Law in Tanzania, Sexual Harassment and Complaints, Sexual Harassment and Discrimination on Mywage Tanzania.

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What does the law say about Sexual Harassment?

The law prohibits any form of sexual harassment in the workplace as well as any other environment. The Employment and Labour Relations Act, 2004 has termed sexual harassment a form of discrimination, prohibited it and provided for a penalty of fine not exceeding five million shillings.

The Code of Ethics and Conduct for Public Service is very clear and detailed on the areas of sexual harassment and what constitutes sexual harassment in employment. It states:

• A public servant shall refrain from having sexual relationships at the workplace. Likewise he/she will avoid all types of conduct which may constitute sexual harassment which include: 

i) Pressure for sexual activity or sexual favors with a fellow employee. 
ii) Rape, sexual battery and molestation or any sexual assault.
iii) Intentional physical conduct which is sexual in nature such as unwelcome touching, pinching, patting, grabbing and or brushing against another employee’s body, hair or clothes.
iv) Sexual innuendos, gestures, noises, jokes, comments or remarks to another person about one’s sex or body.
v) Offering or receiving preferential treatment, promises or rewards and offering or submitting to sexual favours.

Is there any other legislation in Tanzania that deals with Sexual Harassment?

The Sexual Offences Special Provisions Act, 1998 has also criminalised sexual harassment and the following are termed as kind of behaviours amounting to sexual harassment: causing sexual annoyance to a person, uttering any word, making any sound or gesture, or exhibiting any object, including any organ whether male or female intending that such word or sound shall be heard, or that the gesture shall be seen by a woman.

Are there any measures imposed by the law to employers to eliminate Sexual Harassment at the place of work?

The law requires every employer to strive to eliminate sexual harassment/ discrimination in any employment policy. The law has gone to the extent of wanting the employer to register a plan to eliminate discrimination at the work place with the Labour Commissioner.

How can I file a complaint of Sexual Harassment?

Sexual harassment is treated as a grievance and for organisations which have a Grievance Procedures Manual, you will be required to follow the procedure outlined therein. The common procedure outlined under the law is for the complainant/you to lodge a complaint in writing to your manager or supervisor. That manager will call the complainant and the suspect and if need be, their representatives, and resolve the matter. If that same manager/supervisor is the suspect then manager higher in rank shall be summonsed.

The grievance will then be handled internally and if any party is not comfortable with the outcome of the grievance or the way it was handled the law allows this person to lodge an appeal to the Commission for Mediation and Arbitration. At the Commission for Mediation and Arbitration the dispute will pass first through the stage of mediation; if mediation fails then it will be reffered to arbitration for a decision. If it succeeds then the matter ends there and the parties return to their normal duties.

For organisations which do not have an internal grievance procedure, the complaint can be lodged straight at the Commission for Mediation and Arbitration as a dispute.